What may have started as a communal clash, soon escalated into a full scale conflict as Hamas and Islamic Jihad launched a fusillade of 2300 rockets and mortars at Israel. As expected, retaliation followed with Israel striking strongly with its Air Force and going primarily for command and control targets (house of head of Hamas, Chief engineer, Cyber warfare head and Commander of Rocket forces)with casualties on both sides. However, the number of fatalities in Israel were considerably less than expected, as the incoming rockets were intercepted by Israel`s Iron Dome Defence system. The Iron Dome was developed by Rafael Advanced Defence Systems in collaboration with Elta systems, which is famous for producing radars and missiles.

A decade since its first deployment in Beersheba, the Iron Dome has known to have intercepted some 4,300 rockets and missiles in several weather conditions with 90 per cent success rate as reported by various military sources and Rafael Advanced Defence Systems. The Iron Dome is an effective, multi mission, mobile, short range air defence system. The system was created to counter short range rockets and 155mm artillery shell threats with ranges up to 70km. The effectiveness of the system lies in reducing the collateral damage by strategically placing it in various locations, this as we know has proved successful against the recent attacks in the past week.

The Iron Dome is capable at detecting, analysing and intercepting threats, which also includes C-RAM, precision guided missiles, UAV`s, Cruise missiles and air breathing threats. The Iron Dome batteries include a radar system, a command system and three to four launchers. Each launcher carries twenty interceptor missiles. Other features of the system include, vertical launch interceptors, several steering fins for high mobility along with electro optics receptors, warhead and proximity fuse and compatibility with various radar and detection systems. I-Dome`s special war heads allow the projectile targets to be detonated in the air. After the target is detected and identified, the path of the rocket is analysed by the Iron dome radar monitors while the system’s BMC calculate the possible point of impact. Once the target is confirmed as the threat, the system commands the interceptors to be launched while detonating the target in a neutral area.

Currently, one unit of Iron Dome is priced at over $50 million while the cost to build one interceptor Tamir missile is $80,000. The rocket costs $1000 only. ELM 2084 MMR is a 3D AESA radar which functions in the S-band frequency. According to the radar’s manufacturer, the ELM 2084 has a target capacity of “up to 1100 targets for air surveillance purposes.” The ELM 2084 is also used as the fire control radar for Israel’s David Sling missile defence system.

The Israel Defence Ministry has used the Iron Dome for the protection of its Northern and Southern borders. It is also worth mentioning, Israel`s doctrine against high trajectory weapons is based on various kinds of defence, from active to passive defences, which involves the interception of rockets and missile by Iron Dome, David`s Sling, the Arrow 2 and Arrow 3 miisiles. Recently, the Iron Dome system was tested in March 2021 in southern Israel and it had successfully performed at intercepting and destroying the existing and incoming threats.

The Iron Dome Defence system, background and its Development

Israel had seen many rocket attacks, from the shelling of Galilee pan handle towns in the 70`s to the second Lebanon war in 2006, following the consistent attacks from the Gaza strip. The constant threats appearing from the Hezbollah and the Hamas was a huge factor for the consideration of having an air defence system such as the Iron dome.

The development of the system was initiated in 2005 by Brig. Gen. Dr Danny Gold (Head of Defence Ministry`s Research and Development Unit), however the project received a favourable boost post the second Lebanon war in 2006 by the Israeli Government. By February 2007, Defence Minister Amir Peretz nominated Iron Dome as Israel’s defence against this short-range rocket threat. In early 2011, the final tests of the system were concluded. On March 28th 2011, the first battery was deployed to Beersheba, the second battery within a week was deployed to Ashkelon. On April 7th, 2011 the Iron Dome shot down its first incoming rocket from the Gaza strip. The first two batteries were initially funded by Israel alone.

In 2010, President Obama, recognizing the threats by Hezbollah and Hamas on the state of Israel, announced that he would provide 205 million dollars in his 2011 budget from the US congress to expedite the development of the Iron Dome. This was the first American investment in the Israeli project. By 2016, US committed $5 billion to its development costs. According to experts, a total of 13 Iron Dome batteries are required to defend the entire territory of Israel. Currently 10 batteries are deployed. Israel plans to increase them to 15 batteries in near future. In August 2019, the US Army decided to procure two Iron Dome batteries to augment its own short-range missile defence capabilities. 

Criticism of the Iron Dome defence system

Apart from Iron Dome, another system similar to it is owned by the United states – the Centurion System, which is based on Phalanx anti-ship missile defence system. The Centurion was used to intercept rockets and mortars at short-range using fast moving 20mm canon. It has served extensively in protecting US forces and assets in the Iraqi “Green Zone” under US command.

On the level of technology, several arguments had also erupted against the Iron dome

1.             The inability of the system to deal with very short-range targets, whose range may be less than 5-7km and also its inability to shoot down mortar shells.

2.             The critics argued, since the threats also included mortar shelling, the defence ministry should have favoured acquisition of already existing systems such as the Centurion and the Sky Guard (was proposed by Northrop Grumman based on the Nautilus tactical laser system. The development of the system is complete but remains non-operational)

3.             There is also a speculation that the Iron Dome system may face difficulty combating the rockets launched at flat trajectories.

4.             The cost of the interceptor missiles is high, use of two interceptor missiles on one target could also raise costs and difficulty for Israel to acquire more interceptor missiles in a prolonged conflict.

5.             Also, the system faces a “saturation point”, its inability to engage beyond a certain number of threats could lead to a defence breach. 

Operational Criticism

According to the Iron Dome developers, the defensive foot print of one battery extends up to 100 square kilometres, however its competitors believe it is far less. This would prove difficult to protect an entire population of a town or city, unless many batteries are deployed.

This would also cause many citizens to be evacuated to bunkers or shelters, while an extensive damage to the areas will be predictable. The purchase of the interceptors is also limited, so the decision to protect a select populations would have to be made. So, this poses the question if such an expensive defence system would be apt for Israel. The debate on whether to rely too much on the Iron Dome defence system vs focusing on simply protecting the strategic facilities is often raised. No doubt the Iron Dome is a tactical and technological success, but does it equate to leak – proof defense?

We must bear in mind, over the years Hezbollah has managed to acquire and improve the ranges of their missile systems. The weapons in their possession are statistically distributed as they are also expensive. Since it would defeat the purpose to attack strategic facilities as the damage would be negligible, the focus would be deviated to using them against waging terror on the civilians. However, the Iron Dome doesn’t give the option of securing the entire population.

 Hence the critics believe, deploying an active defence system for civilian protection would defeat the purpose as the system cannot protect all. Their suggestions have stressed on deploying the systems for protecting the strategic facilities, as it would be futile to prevent some damage no matter how negligible and which may be incurred by the country from the rocket attacks.

Iron Dome, IDF and defending the Offense

IDF security concept has relied consistently on their three pillars of “deterrence, early warning, and decisive battlefield victory (hachra’a in Hebrew)”. It has stringently followed an offensive tactic over defence tactics. By ensuring its strong offensive power it has deterred enemies from attacks and strengthening its advance intelligence networks, it has managed to detect early threats when deterrence fails.

The subject of defensive power made the talks in 1960`s, when Israel expressed its interest in procuring the Hawk surface-to-air missile system from the US. A stiff opposition was met at the highest bureaucratic and military ranks. Some military commanders accused this move as the agenda of the political lobbies to back away from offensive operations which may account to a sure shot victory or a fast affirmative decision. The other argument was to spend on planes which would serve the purpose of both offensive and defensive roles.

Eventually, 5 Hawk missile batteries were acquired and they proved to be cohesive to the existing offensive plan by protecting Israeli air force facilities, while maintaining the IAF deterrence and first strike capabilities.IDF BG (res.) Dr. Meir Finkel in his article, “Iron Dome – the New Maginot Line,” has laid a strong comparison between the defensive systems and the defensive fortifications line built by France in the 1930`s to ward off the Germans. The Maginot line had consumed about 6% of the French budget which took away the much-required funds for its offensive capabilities. Finkle stated the same can be applied in the context of the Iron dome, which would lead to “the creation of false security and the atrophy of the army’s offensive thinking”.

The concept of strong defence capability to strengthen the offense soon crept in post the Hezbollah`s success in maintaining Katyusha rocket attacks in the second Lebanon war in 2006. In 2007, the Meridor Committee on Israel’s National Security Doctrine integrated defence as the fourth pillar in their national security doctrine. This year the Israeli government approved Iron Dome as Israel’s answer against the short-range rockets.

Conclusion

Israel has come to be one of the first amongst the nations to use an anti-Rocket system to protect its civilian population and it certainly isn’t a surprise, given the number of attacks this nation has suffered. It is logical for Israel to invest extensively in the Iron Dome defence systems, but the quandary may arise when it may come to limiting the funds invested in its defensive ability without hurting the IDF’s offensive capabilities.

Looking at the range of the considerations to invest in the Iron Dome defence systems, it appears the decision to acquire the anti-rocket system was a smart one. Israel’s solution to the rockets attacks comes with a controversy but it is still regarded as a technological breakthrough, which Israel should be proud of. Israel’s defense in the latest round of casualties has been impressive and yet Israel has hit back hard with its Air power to hit the Hamas command and control and propaganda elements and imposed prohibitive costs.

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Akash-NG missile has been designed to strike low radar cross-section aerial targets. It weighs only half of the existing Akash missile and requires fewer ground systems, officials familiar with the project said.

The existing Akash missile has a range of 25 km, while the upgraded variant (NG) can strike targets at a distance of 30 km, officials said. “Akash-NG is a new generation surface-to-air missile meant for use by Indian Air Force with an aim of intercepting high maneuvering low radar cross-section aerial threats,” the defence ministry said in a statement.

 “The launch met all the test objectives by performing high maneuvers during the trajectory. The performance of the command and control systems, onboard avionics and aerodynamic configuration of the missile was successfully validated during the trial,” statement said.

The Akash-NG system has been developed with better deployability compared to other similar systems with canisterised launcher and much smaller ground system footprint, it added.

The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on December 30 gave its go-ahead to the sale of Akash surface-to-air missile systems to friendly foreign countries and created a high-powered panel for swifter approval to export of military hardware at a time India has set a target of clocking defence exports worth $5 billion by 2024.

The missile – already in service in the Indian military – has an indigenous content of 96%. The missile was inducted into the Indian Air Force in 2014 and in the army a year later.

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Called the “STARStreak”, the air defence system has a mix of shoulder fired anti-aircraft guns.

The STARStreak Missile System is in service in the British Army and has been procured by defence forces worldwide. The fastest missile in its category, STARStreak has three laser-guided darts, which cannot be jammed by any known countermeasure. It has the capability to defeat any air target – even armed helicopters – and form the last line of defence.

BDL will be a part of the STARStreak global supply chain with an opportunity to export the system to existing and future customers, including the UK Armed Forces.

Earlier, Thales and BDL had signed a Memorandum of Understanding to assess the opportunity for the transfer of technology for STARStreak.

The agreement will allow BDL to offer the STARStreak missile system to the Indian Armed Forces with a minimum of 60 per cent indigenous content as well as design and development of the system, qualifying it under the ‘Make in India’ programme.

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A theatre command will provide all assets for war under a single commander. One of the key objectives behind jointness, or jointmanship, is the setting up of theatre commands for the best use of military resources to fight future wars. Theaterisation refers to placing specific units of the army, the navy and the air force under a theatre commander. Such commands come under the operational control of an officer from any of the three Services, depending on the function assigned to that command.

“There can be a number of theatre commands, including the Peninsular Command (for the southern part of the state), an Air Defence Command, a Joint Logistics Command, a Space Command, a Training Command and other theatre commands in the eastern, northern and western commands, which take care of China and Pakistan. The commands could be divided into more than one theatre commands,” Gen Bipin Rawat, Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) and head of the newly created DMA, said on 4 February.

The aim is to cut costs and right-size manpower, in the backdrop of the ballooning pay and pension bills of the almost 15-lakh strong armed forces, as well as build an integrated land-air-sea machinery for wars of the future. With the annual defence outlay unlikely to register a major jump, Gen Rawat said there must be better utilization of resources.

During the transitional phase the current command & control structures will continue with the theatre commanders reporting to their respective service chiefs.

CDS’s Brief

In a landmark decision, the government, on 24 December 2019, had approved the creation of a CDS in the rank of a four-star general who acts as the principal military adviser to the defence minister on all matters relating to the tri-services.

The government also decided to create a new Department of Military Affairs (DMA) under the defence ministry, which is headed by the CDS as its secretary.

The CDS has been given three years for the creation of theatre commands. It will require a firm push due to bitter turf-wars among the three Services, institutional resistance and strong objections in the past from the IAF.

The CDS said a complete analysis of the threats is underway and there would be inter-theatre or intra-theatre re-allocation of resources on that basis, which would also result in cutting costs.

The process to set up joint theatre commands will kick off from next year onwards, after first integrating air defence, drone operations, logistics, medical services and the like among the Army, Navy and Indian Air Force (IAF).

The CDS has a key role in ensuring optimum utilisation of allocated budget, ushering in more synergy in procurement, training and operations of the services through joint planning and integration.

Another major mandate of the CDS is to facilitate indigenisation of weapons and equipment to the maximum extent possible while formulating the overall defence acquisition plan for the three Services.

Geographical Theatre Commands

The setting-up of “geographical” theatre commands, where all assets and manpower of the Army, Navy and IAF will be placed under one operational commander in a region, along with “functional” tri-Service commands for air defence, logistics and training, will be the biggest-ever military restructuring in India’s history. At present, the Army, Navy and the Air Force have separate commands.

The proposed plan is to establish one or two commands (a northern one west of Nepal and an eastern one east of Nepal) to handle China, one or two commands on the western front with Pakistan (one in J&K and the other to include Punjab, Gujarat and Rajasthan) and a southern command for peninsular India.

Air Defence Command

In his first official directive after stepping into the new role of CDS, Gen Rawat directed top officers of HQ Integrated Defence Staff (IDS), in January, to prepare a proposal to create an Air Defence Command to enhance military synergy.

“In order to become the armed forces of the Union, we need to start working on some of the aspects where we think immediate integration can happen. There, we find that air defence is one area, which according to me, is a low hanging fruit and can happen in a time-bound manner,” the CDS said.

A team headed by Vice Chief of the Indian Air Force is conducting a study to set up the air defence command and it has been told to complete the study by March 31. The report was expected by March 31. It would integrate all air-defence assets under the IAF, including the coastal guns of the Navy and ground-based air-defence missile launchers of the Army.

The responsibility of the management of the airspace is that of the Air Force, therefore, the security and safety of the airspace must rest with that one Service. To be headed by an IAF officer, the it will include air defence resources of all the three Services. While the air defence is primarily the responsibility of the IAF, every Service has its own air defence systems, which Rawat said, should integrate under one Service so that the command and control issues are simplified.

 “While air assets will be integrated,” and put in the Air Defence Command, those with very specific duties such as fighters with the Indian Navy or air elements with the Strike Corps of the Indian Army will continue to be with the respective forces, he explained. Integrating the logistics units of all three services “has great potential” in increasing “efficiency”, and cutting costs through “common contract management”, the CDS said.

Peninsular Command

India is looking at integrating the western and eastern naval commands to create a Peninsular Command, which will look to merge the eastern and western naval commands. The Navy has been sounded out and a formal study is being ordered. The idea being that the security of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has to be the responsibility of a single commander. He will be given air assets and Army troops (for carrying out amphibious operations), according to Gen Rawat.

The existing tri-Services command at Andaman and Nicobar Islands would remain as it is, he said. There is a plan to upgrade the three runways available on the island chain.

“The Navy Chief looks at the entire Indian Ocean region from east coast of Africa to Australia,” Rawat explained. Therefore, with the creation of the Peninsular Command, the Navy Chief can disinvest himself from the closer Indian Ocean region and look at the bigger picture. While the peninsular theatre commander will deal with the maritime boundaries, the Navy HQ at New Delhi would look at the “big picture” of the Indian Ocean Region to safeguard India’s interests stretching from East Africa to Australia and Malacca Strait.

Rawat said a study to create the Peninsular Command, responsible for securing India from seaborne threats, will be ordered by March 31, with a report to be submitted three to four months thereafter. He said the Peninsular Command was likely to be functional by 2021-end with army and air force elements under it. The Port Blair-based Andaman & Nicobar Command, India’s first tri-Services command, would remain as it is.

The peninsular command will integrate the existing Western Naval Command (HQs at Mumbai), Eastern Naval Command (Vizag), Southern Naval Command (Kochi) and Southern Army Command (Pune).

IAF’s Reservations

The IAF believes it would be operationally irrational to divide the country’s “limited air assets” among different theatre commands. IAF stands to lose the most with the proposed restructuring. Both the 1.4-lakh IAF and the over 12-lakh Army have seven commands each, headed by three-star Air Marshals or Lt-Generals, with the 59,000-strong Navy restricting itself to just three commands.

When the joint commands do come up, IAF is likely to be left only with the Air Defence Command, along with commands to handle space and training in the future. Though IAF headquarters will retain some air assets, each theatre command will also be given some integral fighter jets and helicopters.

Procurement System

The prioritisation of military purchases to be made by the three Services also comes under CDS’s purview. He indicated that he prefers a procurement model that involves buying weapons and systems in a staggered way so that the requirement of the three Services can be met within the available budget.

“I believe we should not go in for a large number of procurements at one time. If you have a requirement for, say, 10 submarines, 100 fighter jets and 1,000 tanks, you can either buy the submarines or the jets or the tanks. You can’t buy all three together. But you can spread out the purchases over 10 years and buy that equipment in four or five tranches,” said Gen Rawat.

He said buying equipment in one go would also result in all of it becoming due for repairs and overhaul at the same time. He added that he would prefer the IAF’s requirement for 110 new fighter jets to be met in phases.

Gen Rawat said the newly created Department of Military Affairs will handle revenue procurement while the capital procurement will continue to be looked after by the defence secretary.

Logistics Command

The armed forces are likely to create a Logistics Command. The CDS said “There is a great scope of logistics issues being integrated. Giving the example of medical resources, Rawat said among all three Services, surpluses and deficiencies need to be better managed so that the doctors are neither overworked nor under-utilised.

The Joint Logistics Command would look at common contract management for the three services and be responsible for common inventories for maintaining reserves. He said a countrywide analysis of surpluses and deficiencies of resources is underway and there is a scope of jointmanship for better optimisation and utilisation of facilities.

Gen Rawat said the medical arm of all the services should begin operating jointly and not in silos, and hospitals of individual services should operate as tri-service hospitals such as the R&R Hospital in Delhi.

In military stations, where services are co-located, there is scope for management of resources, he said. “For example, in Delhi, we are looking at a common transport management,” he said.

Comments

The 17-single service commands, which lack the requisite coordination among them, has led to needless wasteful expenditure and silo-mentality. The only two tri-Service commands are the geographical Andaman and Nicobar Command and the functional Strategic Forces Command to handle the country’s nuclear arsenal.

The US Department of Defense has 11 combatant commands, while China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has five theatre commands.

The IAF has in the past opposed the setting up of theatre commands as many in the service believed the air force had the speed and reach to project military power across geographies without being confined to theatres. However, all the three service chiefs have extended their full support to the CDS in creating new military structures.

The CDS is focusing on creating avenues that allow the officers of the army, navy and air force to interact more with each other at different stages of their careers to have a better understanding of the three services. Theatre commands are required since no single force is capable of discerning and countering growing threats alone. India’s strategic frontiers are expanding, it is time to look at the bigger picture and not be confined to silos. The threats from other countries need to understood and prepared for.

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India’s indigenous ballistic missile defence (BMD) system has reportedly been completed with the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) seeking government approval to install and activate the system near the country’s capital, New Delhi.

The IAF, which is responsible for the country’s air defence, and the DRDO, which has developed the system, will now move a joint proposal for the government’s clearance.

Once the permission has been granted by the government, it will take three to four years to install the BMD system. Furthermore, it was up to the government to extend BMD to the country’s financial hub, Mumbai.

Neither DRDO nor the IAF have publicly commented on the purported completion of the BMD system.

India kick started its BMD program in 1999 following the Kargil War and in response to China and Pakistan’s expanding missile arsenals. The BMD system is two-tiered. The first layer is the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)/Pradyumna and Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV) interceptors designed to destroy missiles at Exo-atmospheric altitudes of 50-180 kilometres. (The PDV will reportedly eventually replace the older PAD/Pradyumna Ballistic Missile Interceptor.)

The second layer consists of the single stage solid rocket-propelled AAD/Ashwin interceptor missile designed to shoot down incoming enemy missiles in the Endo-atmosphere at altitudes of 15-40 kilometres.

India’s indigenous BMD system can reportedly intercept medium range ballistic missiles. PAD and PDV are designed for mid-course interception, while AAD is used for terminal phase interception system after missiles enter the earth’s atmosphere.

DRDO last successfully tested an AAD interceptor missile against a medium-range ballistic missile target in August 2018. The organisation also test fired the AAD in December 2017. Additional tests of the AAD and PDV interceptors were conducted in March and February 2017 as well as in May 2016 and November 2015 respectively. In past tests, Prithvi-II or III tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missiles usually stood in as ballistic missile targets.

India also conducted its first successful anti-satellite (ASAT) test, dubbed “Mission Shakti,” in March 2019. DRDO fired a modified version of the PDV anti-ballistic-missile interceptor, a so-called PDV Mark II missile to destroy a satellite orbiting at 285 kilometres in altitude. Some analysts have speculated that this will provide India with the capability of Exo-atmospheric interception of intercontinental-range ballistic missiles.

Army May Soon Get Robot Option For Recce Ops

Robots on wheels, robots on tracks and robots resembling a ball, not unlike a robotic character seen in the new Star Wars films may soon be rolling out to join Indian Army troops.

For the last three years, Bangalore-based DRDO lab, the Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robots (CAIR), has been perfecting four different models of mobile robots designed to infiltrate military and combat zones, map the area and help friendly troops punch their way in.

The ‘Sentry’ is a four-wheeled robot which looks almost spider-like with a large central eye and a battery of sensors in front. The unit is designed to probe flat or semi-flat landscapes for the military.

The second machine, called ‘Mini-UGV’ is a squat, tracked robot resembling a large, toy tank designed to infiltrate buildings occupied by terrorists and survey the various floors.

Both of these models are completely autonomous, which means that if you give them a destination, they will create their own waypoints and chart a course to the destination using their inbuilt Artificial Intelligence module.

The ‘Sentry’ is also capable of patrolling a medium-sized perimeter constantly for as long as the battery held a charge. The maximum battery endurance of both machines is about four hours.

Both systems use a battery of sensors, including GPS, 360-degree cameras and an infrared sensor.

The operational doctrine has already been formulated for all the robots. Eight of these various robots are designed to operate as a team. Each robot has something called ‘multi-agent collaboration.’ This means they can talk to each other.

Both machines have completed testing and are ready to be deployed.

‘Mirchi Bomb’ Developed

DRDO’s Defence Research Laboratory (DRL) in Tezpur has come up with a range of devices that can be used in different situations of low intensity conflict. From chilli spray, which can be kept in a woman’s purse for self defence to grenades that can be lobbed to control crowds or manage hostage situations, there are now a range of products-a mirchi bomb for every situation.

DRDO, which had first identified Bhut Jolokia as the hottest chilli in the world, had been working for some years to tap the fire of the chilli.

The product was first conceptualised in 2010 and now the lab has it in a range of packaging. The larger grenades can be lobbed into crowds to control mobs. They also come with a thin hose which can be pushed under a door into a room with hostages and abductors. Several state police forces have tested the products, so has the National Security Guard (NSG). The aim was to make a weapon that would only target the ocular system and not the respiratory system. The product, which comes as a non explosive, eco-friendly and non-toxic stream, has minimal side effects, which go away within a few hours.

Bhut jolokia is a sensitive plant which only grows in exacting conditions of soil, temperature and rainfall, to yield the kind of fire that once put it at the top of the Scoville scale, which is used to measure the fire in chilli. Because of the difficulty in getting a steady and large supply of capsaicin from the plant, the laboratory now bases its products on the chemical alone, which is not extracted from the plant, but has the same chemical formula. Bhut jolokia has slipped several ranks on the hottest chillies of the world list, most of the newer entries are commercially grown hybrid varieties.

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