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The BSF has initiated steps such as establishing a special centre to train personnel in tackling the aerial threat, implementing operational protocols and upgrading technical capability. However, the high frequency of drone activity despite increased surveillance makes it obvious that the smugglers remain undeterred. The troops need cutting-edge technology to deal with the menace. Ahead of Independence Day this year, a counter-drone system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation had been installed near the Red Fort area. It can reportedly detect and deactivate drones within a radius of 4 km. Those involved in defence R&D must factor in the ever-improving capabilities of drones being used by anti-national elements. The easy access to these UAVs is another cause for concern.

The attack on the Jammu Air Force Station in June 2021, when low-flying drones had dropped improvised explosive devices, was a wakeup call for India’s security establishment. The possibility of drones being deployed on a major scale for cross-LoC terror strikes cannot be ruled out. The Russia-Ukraine war has seen the use of reconnaissance and strike drones. The latter include exploding drones and those that fly for 3-10 km and hit targets. In the worst-case scenario, the ISI and its terror assets can up the ante with these lethal UAVs. India’s armed forces need to be well equipped to deal with any such eventuality.

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An aerial Targeting System (Extended Range) is a vehicle-mounted canister/ pneumatically/ VTOL launched system with range and endurance to carry out intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, target acquisition, and accurate engagement of High-Value Targets in all spectrums of warfare.

Aerial Targeting System (Extended Range) should have a minimum range of 100km with 2 meters CEP and can launch from Vehicle based canister /Pneumatic/VTOL method and can carry 8kg or more warhead with an endurance of 2hrs.

Loitering munitions are a mix of a surface-to-surface missile and a drone. They can destroy radar installations, air defence systems, communication centres as well as dynamic targets such as enemy vehicles and troops

During March 21-23, the newly-developed loitering munitions (LM0, LM1, and Hexacopter) were tested in the Nubra Valley region of Ladakh.

In addition, the Indian Army has requested additional smart loiter munitions, also known as Canister Launched Anti-Armour Loiter Munitions (CALM) Systems, for deployment in the plains and deserts along the western borders, as well as in high altitude areas up to 5,100 metres along the northern border.

Economic Explosives Limited, a subsidiary of Solar Industries India Ltd, and Zmotion Autonomous Systems co-developed the three loitering munitions.

The Indian Army has placed a request for 150 Canister Launched Anti-Armour Loiter Munitions (CALM) Systems.

India already uses the Israeli Harop loitering munition and in September 2021, placed an order for 100 explosive-laden ‘SkyStrikers’, capable of long-range tactical strikes from Bengaluru-headquartered firm Alpha Design, in a joint venture (JV) with Israeli firm Elbit Security Systems.

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A drone or a drone system references the broader ecosystem that involves the unmanned vehicle(s) along with a few other components. Such components include an autonomous or a human operated control system from the land, sea or air and a command-and-control system in order to link them together coupled with a maintenance and operating system. Drones as a segment require significant research and development efforts. Being a fast-evolving area, there are frequent technological upgradations both in capacity as well as capability. It is therefore imperative to have a focused approach towards R&D efforts in drones. With an ever-increasing utility matrix for drones, the application areas are gradually moving towards infinite. In India, while there are many private industry players also who are investing time and money in this segment, DRDO has been leading some of the most critical research efforts in this segment. With a focus on responsibility and accountability, DRDO has been pushing boundaries and now more than ever is poised to lead the country’s R&D efforts in this segment. R&D for development of robotic products and technologies associated with robotics & artificial intelligence interface are undergoing. In this regard, a national challenge was also initiated by DRDO to tap talent in robotics and artificial intelligence among students, academia and entrepreneurs /industry in the areas of robotics related to defence.

Over the past few years, drones have become central to the functions of various businesses and government organizations and have managed to pierce through areas where certain industries were either stagnant or lagging behind. From quick commercial deliveries at rush hour to scanning unreachable military bases, drones have proved and continue to be extremely beneficial in unreachable and low connectivity areas for timely and efficient deliveries.

A UAV for instance is a powered, aerial vehicle without a human pilot which uses aerodynamic forces to fly and fulfill “dull, dirty or dangerous” tasks. The applications of a UAV pan across sector and geography serving commercial, scientific and security requirements among others. With the ability to reach inaccessible areas, UAVs hold the potential to be omnipresent across sectors, ranging from military and civil, and are disrupting every workflow including data capturing, goods delivery, area mapping among others. Few of the more critical application areas of UAVs include surveillance and offensive operations as well as for assessing damage, deliver aid and locate victims at the time of natural disasters.

In addition, DRDO Young Scientist Laboratory for Asymmetric Technologies has been working on drone swarm technologies towards strengthening the asymmetric warfare capabilities. For UAV swarm-based applications to be most effective, a key component is the communication system shared by the drones as well as the base stations on the ground. In line with this requirement, DRDO last year demonstrated an operational decentralised swarm of 25 drones with minimal human intervention. This capability was demonstrated as part of a three-day function, linked to the ongoing celebrations marking the 75th year of independence, in Jhansi in November last year. The capabilities showcased included both communications, defensive as well offensive features including distributive sensing, decision making, reconfigurable path planning and autonomous attack. The algorithms with the drones are reported to have advanced features arming the swarm with niche capabilities, distinct from individual drones.

The Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), for instance, is a key aeronautical systems design lab of DRDO involved in the development of UAS and systems for manned aircraft including simulators. ADE’s areas of work include:

•  UAV aerodynamics, structures, propulsion systems, flight control.
•  Combat aircraft systems.
•  Micro air vehicles.
•  Flight simulation.
•  Air weapons integration and
•  Aerial image exploration.

The capabilities existing at the DRDO lab include among others prototype and manufacturing engineering facilities, electronics package facility and real time simulators. Similarly another DRDO lab, the Center for Airborne Systems (CABS), is also involved in development of key technologies and infrastructure including ground exploration systems, IFF capability as well as other systems and sub systems required to build efficient platforms for the purpose of surveillance.

DRDO has designed and developed drones for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, target acquisition / tracking and image exploitation such as Nishant, Panchi, and Rustom II, a medium altitude long endurance UAV built for the Indian armed forces. In fact, the Netra mini quadcopter UAV, which has received orders from the Indian Army, was also jointly developed by DRDO and Idea Forge after which the latter took up production of the same.

DRDO has also worked towards design and development of target drones including Fluffy, Ulka, Lakshay-I & 2 and the latest Abhyas for autonomous flight with the help of an autopilot. ABHYAS – the High-speed Expendable Aerial Target (HEAT) is a 75kg drone designed & developed by DRDO’s ADE, Bengaluru and can be used as an aerial target for testing and evaluation of various missile systems. The performance of Abhyas was monitored through telemetry and various tracking sensors including Radars and Electro Optical Tracking System (EOTS). Launched using twin underslung boosters which provide the initial acceleration to the vehicle, Abhyas is gas turbine powered which helps it in sustaining a long endurance flight at subsonic speed. Other technologies that Abhyas is equipped with include a MEMS based Inertial Navigation System (INS) for navigation, a Flight Control Computer (FCC) for guidance and control, a laptop-based Ground Control Station (GCS) to monitor and monitor navigation of the autonomous flight. Once equipped with better design, reliable sensors and other multifunctional abilities, the variants or upgrades of Abhyas could potentially have much more powerful utility and more high-end capability.

DRDO has also undertaken a wide array of technology enabled initiatives in coordination with Armed Forces, startups, MSMEs, private sector and academia. The anti-drone technology, including the capability elements of detection, tracking, surveillance and both hard kills (laser-based hard kill to destroy the drone) and soft kills (for jamming the communication links of drone), have been developed and transferred to industries for mass production. In fact, the defence forces have reportedly signed a contract with BEL Electronics1 last year for supply of DRDO technology based anti-drone system called the Drone Detect, Deter and Destroy System (D4S).

Drones are globally utilized across industries for varied uses with the perspective to either increase work efficiency, enhance work productivity, decrease workload, reduce production costs, improve accuracy or to resolve security issues on a large scale. Adoption of the drone technology across industries has exponentially increased in the last few years as more and more industries and businesses have realized the potential, scope and scale these systems bring to the table. Whether controlled by a remote or accessed via a smartphone app, drones are capable of reaching the most remote areas with little to no manual intervention and hence require the least amount of effort, time, and energy. This results in saving operational costs as well. This is a primary reason why these systems are being researched and developed for both military and commercial reasons. There are multiple areas where DRDO is researching in the unmanned space. With aerial unmanned platforms at advanced stages of development and or production, ground and underground unmanned vehicles are also being researched and developed upon. DRDO labs including the VRDE with their MUNTRA UGV (which is a BMP Class vehicle converted into an autonomous one) or DAKSH (battery operated autonomous robot primarily for bomb recovery) are involved in the design and development of such systems.

To summarize, the defence sector has seen many technological breakthroughs which have totally transformed the dynamics of the battlefield. There is significant design and development that is and will continue to be required if India is to stay ahead of the curve. It is important that the design and development capabilities in the country be continued to be enhanced organically or inorganically. This would require both the government and the industry working together. There is enough business case and opportunities in unmanned vehicles to justify an efficient R&D investment by both the government as well as the industry. This decade is very critical in many aspects, and it will be important for India to be able to lead the global developments in the unmanned space.

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Conditions have been laid down in case of such exemption for aerial surveillance, aerial photography and public announcements related to Covid-19. Exemption is limited to battery-operated rotary-wing RPAs. Use of any other type of RPA, including but not limited to, fixed-wing RPA and autonomous RPA etc. is strictly prohibited.

Details of every RPA flight will be uploaded on Director General Civil Aviation (DGCA) Digital Sky Platform within seven days of undertaking the flight. Any incident or accident related to any RPA operation shall be immediately reported to Ministry of Civial Aviation (MoCA) and DGCA through the Digital Sky Platform.

The RPA will have a Unique Identification Number (UIN) and/or Drone Acknowledgment Number (DAN) issued by DGCA; not exceed a total all-up weight of 25 kg; equipped with an automatic return-to-home feature in case of any loss of the command-and-control link; restricted to a height of 200 feet Above Ground Limit (AGL); operated within visual line of sight (VLOS) at all times; operated while maintaining safe distance from people, buildings, vehicles and property at all times; not pick, drop, spray or discharge any substance; restricted to a period between local sunrise and local sunset.

Safety and security distances have also been laid down – not within a distance of 5 km from the perimeter of airports at Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru and Hyderabad; not within a distance of 3 km from the perimeter of other civil, private or defence airports; not within permanent or temporary Prohibited, Restricted and Danger Areas including Temporary Reserved Airspace (TRA), and Temporarily Segregated Areas (TSA), as notified in the Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP); not within 25km from international border which includes Line of Control (LoC), Line of Actual Control (LAC) and Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL); beyond 500 m (horizontal) into sea from coast line provided the location of ground station is on fixed platform over land; not within 3 km from perimeter of military installations/ facilities/ where military activities/ exercises are being carried out unless clearance is obtained from the local military installation/facility; not within 5 km radius from Vijay Chowk in Delhi. This is subject to additional conditions/ restrictions imposed by local law enforcement agencies/ authorities;  not within 3 km radius from State Secretariat Complex in State Capitals; and not within 2 km from perimeter of strategic locations/vital installations notified by Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).

 ‘Pandemic Drone’ to Detect Coronavirus

A ‘pandemic drone’ to remotely monitor and detect people with infectious respiratory conditions is being developed by the University of South Australia (UniSA) in partnership with a Canadian company.

The drone will be fitted with a specialised sensor and computer vision system that can monitor temperature, heart and respiratory rates, as well as detect people sneezing and coughing in crowds, offices, airports, cruise ships, aged care homes and other places where groups of people may work or congregate.

The UniSA team led by Defence Chair of Sensor Systems  Professor Javaan Chahl, who holds a joint appointment DST, will work with Draganfly Inc, a North American drone technology company, to immediately start integrating commercial, medical and government customers.

Professor Chahl, working alongside Dr Ali Al-Naji and Asanka Perera, achieved global recognition in 2017 when they demonstrated image-processing algorithms that could extract a human’s heart rate from drone video.

Since then they have demonstrated that heart rate  and breathing rate can be measured with high accuracy within 5-10 metres of people, using drones and at distances of up to 50 metres with fixed cameras. They have also developed algorithms that can interpret human actions such as sneezing and coughing.

He says the technology could be a viable screening tool for the Covid-19 pandemic.

MSMEs Can Get UAV Projects

MSMEs in drone manufacturing have found the going difficult and with the pandemic melt down of the manufacturing in India, may require impetus more than ever to remain commercially viable.

While the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has been trying to indigenize these, the private sector UAV industry has been growing. Unfortunately the evolution of technology has been restricted due to ambiguity in implementation of Drone Regulations promulgated by Airport Authority of India (AAI).

In a letter to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) Society of Indian Defence Manufacturers (SIDM) has requested for a directive to be issued to the DRDO, Ordnance Factory Board (OFB), defence public sector undertakings (DPSUs) and the Services to prepare a list of projects that can shared with the private sector companies and the MSMEs.

DRDO’s long range multi-mission drone, Rustom-2 has been under development since 2011, even after realizing multiple airframes and Design Validation Flights (DVF) by 2017 itself, there have been delays to meet the User’s requirements.

In the mini UAVs category, Netra is a Quadcopter developed by DRDO with Private industry Partnership and could be supplied to Police and Para military services, even Indian Army exploited these drones but technological advancement pushed for upgradation of these mini UAVS.

Due to restrictions in explosive ordnance handling by commercial agencies, the design and development of unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) for attack role have been limited in India. India’s first weaponized drone was undertaken by National Security Guards (NSG) in 2018. A private MSME completed the successful development and subsequent manufacture trials of ‘Kamikaze’ explosive laden mini-Quadcopter drones. However, due to complicated procurement procedures has not been inducted yet.

Overall, the armed forces are still dependent on import of UAVs for operational missions, and is spending dollars for maintenance like spares, annual maintenance contracts (AMC) signed with the original equipment manufacturers (OEM), etc, as India has not been able to manufacture any indigenous UAVs.

IAF Interested in Swarm Drones Launched From Aircraft

The US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has been researching several types of swarm drone technology that could be used on the battlefield. According to Pentagon acquisition head Ellen Lord, one particular programme has impressed the Indian Air Force (IAF) due to which US and India have discussed collaborating on such efforts to build a relatively low-cost unmanned aircraft that can be launched from a “mother ship” transport aircraft like C-130J which IAF already has in its fleet and then be recovered by the same mother ship after their mission is complete.

The IAF also wants to include other “mother ship” transport aircraft like its C-17 fleet and primarily talks were held last year about collaboration between US Air Force Research Laboratory and DRDO. Further talks will likely be held later in 2020 to work on the technicality of the proposed joint venture.

According to DARPA’s concept, a jet-powered drone can be launched from the C-130 wing pylons and recovered by using a docking cable and a crane-like recovery arm from the cargo door. DARPA is looking at the drones that can be used as a potential line-of-sight communications link in contested environments where radios could be jammed, as well as use its sensor platforms for surveillance and targeting.

Each C-130J will be able to launch 4 such Jet powered SWARM drones which can be tasked to perform specific individual tasks and interact with each other using autonomous mode and all can be recovered within 20 minutes.

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MUM-T operations provide diverse and varied uses and advantages. Some of them are:

• Enhancing situational awareness of the manned platform by increasing the number of sensors looking into the target volume of space or providing inputs from the airspace not visible to the manned platform but from where threats can emanate suddenly.
• Placing a variety of arsenal in the hands of the pilot, far beyond the capacity of his platform (guided missiles, rockets, guided bombs, anti-radiation missiles and more).
• Scout, early warning or dead zone look out role.
• Taking on the targets synched to the pilot’s sight in real time.
• Searching and selecting the targets and taking them on, based on pre-fed instructions.
• On authorization from the manned platform taking on a ‘repeat hit’ on the designated targets/auto re-firing (pro-active firing on its own) on targets perceived to be a miss on first strike.
• On instructions, leaving the MUM-T mission and branching off to take on a target located elsewhere(independent tasking, which can either be preplanned or impromptu).

MUM-T in China

China has a very strong and a high-end military drone force covering various ranges, altitudes, weapon carrying capabilities etc. Since most of its programmes have remained largely obscured from the public eye, full technical prowess of its machines is not really known to the extent desired. Most of it is assessed/inferred.

China has been working actively to develop drones that can not only communicate amongst themselves, but also, with the manned platforms in the MUM-T missions. The drones being developed will have one or both the capabilities, namely, surveillance or surveillance and combat. The Chinese developers are also actively building the ‘stealth muscle’ in their drones so that these remain undetectable by the adversary’s radar systems, also ensuring that there is enough usable space in these machines to load up substantial quantity of warheads.

One such Chinese drone – Sky Hawk also called the Tianying stealth combat drone – has the capability to communicate and collaborate with the fighter pilots in typical MUM-T missions.

During the National Day Parade held on 1 October 2019, China revealed a number of MUM-T enabled unmanned platforms that were under the veils of secrecy for years and not much was known of their developmental journey. One of them was Gongji-11 (GJ 11). This stealthy unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) is capable of undertaking autonomous missions deep inside enemy territory, or take part in MUM-T mode. Experts believe that GJ 11 (earlier referred to as Sharp Sword) is a most technologically impressive UCAV with a combat radius of over 1000 kms with 2×500 kg bombs or 8×100 kg bombs.

Another platform worthy of note was the WZ 8 supersonic reconnaissance vehicle. In a possible MUM-T mission with a strike force, such a machine will be able to keep pace with the force in time and space providing valuable and real time situational awareness.

China is known to possess the entire continuum of UAS both in reconnaissance, as well as, combat roles. For instance, in the category of Medium Range Long Endurance (MALE) drones category, (service ceiling up to 9000 metres, endurance up to 24 hours) it has three main types viz, BZK 005, GJ 1 and GJ 2. In the High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) drones category (service ceiling 18000 metres, endurance 24 hours+), it has two main types – EA 03 and WZ 7.

Obviously with such a unmanned aerial system (UAS) arsenal at its command MUM-T will be very much a practiced concept with China, as will be the autonomous attacks using UAS, swarm attacks, etc.

India is likely to see Chinese MUM-T operations unfold in any future conflict. Short of conflict, the MUM-T role for reconnaissance and creating situational awareness data is highly likely.

Pakistan’s MUM-T Capability

Staring from its humble beginnings in 1997-98, Pakistan has built a significant base of UAS over the years. Most of its machines are for reconnaissance and surveillance roles. Some known names are Ababeel, Bazz, Uquab, Bravo, Bravo+, Mukhbar, Flemingo, Vector, Shadow, Vision, Nishan Mk II, Border Eagle and Hornet, etc.

Pakistan also holds small numbers of UAVs from several countries (ASN 105A and ASN 206 from China, Luna from Germany, Snipe Mk II and Streak from UK, Falco from Italy and Seeker from South Africa).

Pakistan tried for a long time to get UCAVs staring with the American Predator during the Global War on Terror (GWOT) from 2001 but never succeeded.

During 2009-2015, Pakistan tried to develop an indigenous UCAV called Burraq (range 1000 km, maximum speed 215 km/h, service ceiling 7500 meters). Burraq is claimed to be a state-of-the-art UCAV similar in capability to the US Predator or the Chinese Rainbow CH-3.

In October 2018, it was reported that Pakistan Aeronautical Complex and Chengdu Aircraft Corporation entered into a contract to co-produce 48 Wing Loong-II UCAVs for Pakistan. Wing Loong-II is a state-of-the-art export version of GJ-1 and GJ-2 drone capable of MUM-T role. It is suitable for surveillance and combat roles. It can carry a payload of 480 kg which may include a variety of munitions (FT7 130 kg bomb with planner wing, FT9 50 kg bomb, FT10 25 kg bomb, BRM 1 guided rocket, AKD10 missiles suitable for targets like bunkers, fortifications and vehicles or laser-guided air-to-surface missiles or YJ9E anti-ship missiles, etc.) It has a maximum speed of 370 kmph.

Overall, Pakistan’s reconnaissance and surveillance UAS are not generationally advanced to have MUM-T capabilities.

Live videos of Burraq’s first firing in September 2015 on a terrorist hideout in the Shawal Valley (where it reportedly killed 17 terrorists) and, later on, other terrorist hideouts in the Tirah Valley in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province as a part of Operation Khyber, do indicate smooth flow of communication between the UCAV and its controllers

Whether this capability has been upgraded to adapt Burraq in a typical MUM-T mission is not known. Since it is likely, it would be wiser to accept that it has been done.

The Wing Loong-II is a top-end MUM-T player. There is no doubt that the MUM-T capability of Wing Loong will be fully exploited by Pakistan Air Force in any future conflict.

India’s MUM-T Capabilities

India started acquiring UAVs in 1997-98 with the acquisition of Searcher Mk1 UAS from Israel. This was followed by the addition of Searcher MkII and the Heron UAS.

These were first and second-generation machines suitable for traditional roles like surveillance, reconnaissance and intelligence gathering, target acquisition, target support, direction of fire, etc.

The Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) also began development of a whole range of UAVs – Abhyas, Aura, Eagle, Kapothaka, Lakshya, Netra, Nishant, Panchi, Rustom, Ulka, Gagan and others. None of them are MUM-T capable.

On 25 June 2016, the Defence Acquisition Council cleared the procurement of 22 Sea Guardian surveillance drones for the Indian Navy for surveillance tasks in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) from General Atomics. Sea Guardian is the naval version of the Predator drone. The number of Sea Guardians was later reduced from 22 to 12.

In February 2020, it was reported that India was looking for the MQ9 Predator B (Reaper) with Hellfire missiles. The plan is to purchase 30 drones, 10 each for the three Services.

Reaper drone with Hellfire missiles is the top-of-the-line UCAV. This is the same drone which killed Maj Gen Qasem Soleimani, commander of the Iranian Quds on 3 January 2020.

The MQ9 has a speed of 313 kmph, 1900 kms range with 4x Hellfire missiles (or bombs). MQ9 is a high-end MUM-T player.

A $3 bn deal signed was signed on 28 September 2015 for the purchase of 22 AH-64E Apache attack helicopters and 15 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters from Boeing. 17 Apaches have since been delivered while the remainder 5 will arrive by end-March 2020. During US President Donald Trump’s visit to India on 25 February 2020 another deal was signed for an additional six Apache helicopters for the Indian Army. Hellfire missiles are the basic weapons with Apaches.

Apache is a tested platform for the MUM-T role. The MUM-T combination of Apache 64 E paired with MQ1-C Grey Eagle unmanned aircraft has already been tried out and tested by the US Army.

The crew of Apache 64E can control the sensors and the flight path of RQ7 Shadow and MQ1-C Grey Eagle drones – something which had not been tried earlier.

With Apaches already in the IAF inventory and the MQ9 Reaper drones in the pipeline, India will be surely move towards MUM-T capability.

The new platforms will have to knitted into common data links after addressing hundreds of compatibility and connectivity issues. Since MUM-T paired has been achieved with the MQ1-C and Grey Eagle drones, teaming the Apaches with MQ9 Reapers should be possible.

For effective MUM-T concepts have to be evolved. Network-centric communications riding on the current lifeline of BMC2 structures ( built on Air Force net or AF Net) have to be developed as common data links, critical skill-sets have to be identified and crews have to be trained, both in the manned, as well as, unmanned domain. In addition, specific battle drills have to be perfected.

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China’s Sky Hawk stealth drone has capability to ‘talk’ to fighter pilots, according to developers

China unveiled its stealth attack drone, Gongji-11 (GJ-11), at the National Day parade, on 1 October 2019, indicating it is in active Chinese military service

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