The present multi-domain warfare and impending theaterisation demand coordination and integration across all domains. Communication enables this coordination with real time interaction and transmission of data amongst the fighting forces in all domains. All this is facilitated now with digitisation of the communication in all dimensions.

The aim of Digitisation and Network Centric Operations (NCO) in the Armed Forces webinar & virtual expo was to provide a forum for the stakeholders in the Services and Industry to enable information exchange on latest technologies particularly relating to the digitisation in the Army, effective network-centric operations, C4ISR, communication systems, decision support information systems for exchange of data and big Data including its challenges and vulnerabilities, the space domain and impact of new technologies (5G, IoT, AI, VR/AR) on warfare.

The event brought together stakeholders from the armed forces, DRDO, public sector, industry and academia and provided them a platform to present their views and discuss pathways.

Inaugural Session

Welcome Address. Lt Gen Sunil Srivastava, Director, Centre for Joint Warfare Studies put the theme of the Webinar in context and highlighted the present multidomain warfighting environment. He emphasized that digitization and net-centric operations were the core of battlefield dominance. All actors were leveraging digitization and NCO by weaponising information technology. He said that we must embrace digital jointness to unlock the digital battle space. Seamless sharing of warfighting information will generate shared operational awareness, effects and tempo which we could use to our advantage to paralise the adversaries OODA cycle. There is a need to seamlessly share info, link sensors & shooters and decision makers, even in a degraded environment, aggregating the combat capabilities of Services while remaining physically disaggregated. C2 Agility brings Force Agility which enhances Force Effectiveness.

Special Address. Vice Admiral Atul Kumar Jain, Chief of Integrated Staff to Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee (CISC) spoke of the contextual relevance of the webinar with the urgent operational need of Services to move forward towards joint networking and digitisation especially as our adversaries and particularly the Northern neighbour was already exploiting it, leaving no choice but to move forward at a faster pace in this direction. He opined that in modern warfighting the one who dominates in the information domain will stand to win. Space and cyber domains while being independent also influence operations in other domains. In his address, he brought out the relevance of satellite surveillance and satellite communication and several new technologies such as 5G, Artificial intelligence etc., all of which enhance the warfighting capability.

Keynote Address. Lt Gen Upendra Dwivedi, Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Information Systems & Communications), Army HQ gave the Keynote Address and an outline of new initiatives and consolidation of the earlier efforts undertaken by the Indian Army in its journey towards induction of modern technology for conduct of military affairs at all levels involving operational, logistics and human resources. He talked of new generation technologies like Artificial intelligence, 5G, Quantum technology, Robotics, drones and so on. In this journey, the Army is also coordinating with several agencies under the Ministry of information technology, DRDO and academic institutions like IITs and has ordered studies and conducting seminars to remain in step with the new technologies for conduct of military affairs both in peace and war. He was critical of the long process of our defence procurement since by the time products are inducted, these are at the verge of obsolescence. To infuse efficiency in the process, he suggested to pin point accountability for the delays in the procurement process and also suggested a layered GSQR concept which would give time to the concerned staff to introduce workable amendment in the GSQRs so as to stay abreast with the technology. As regards communication, he informed that, as dug in cable communication remains vulnerable, the focus now is on wireless and digitised communication and net centricity between services. He mentioned that an integrated operational and intelligence system will facilitate Theaterisation.

Technology Perspective. Dr Ranjana N, Director, Directorate of Systems and Technology Analysis (DSTA), DRDO HQ, pointed out that digitisation was inevitable. She said that data was a strategic asset. Improved knowledge at all levels could naturally lead to integration in all layers of operations which may even call for changes in the tactics and doctrines. Data must be protected and managed to attain immediate and long-term strategic advantage to the military. Designing of systems is a challenge since it not only has to be robust in hardware and software but, their modularity and scalability is also essential. Cyber hardening of storage, NW and Sensors is equally important. Obsolescence of equipment and their upgradation is big challenge. We are constrained to run old systems with systems of new technologies. Thus, along with old systems, we should able to operate/integrate new sensors and technologies such as 5/6G, AI, big data etc. She cautioned that conceptualisation is the big challenge since the product may not exactly be as visualised. Further, layered architecture and modularity are the key to the modern comn equipment and will have to be developed indigenously. She highlighted that DRDO is working on GIS, Adhoc NW, MANETS, SDR, EW, AI, XL-UUVs, change detection and mine hunting.

Industry Perspective. Col KV Kuber, Director Defence & Aerospace, Ernst & Young gave the industry perspective. He asserted that COVID-19 pandemic had forced digitisation in the country including in the Services. He felt that digitisation in the Services was lagging behind the civil side. Therefore, the pace of digitisation in the Services needed to be hastened particularly in procurement, which could be faster with digitisation. He said that since legacy systems could not be changed in one go, digitisation should be able to integrate the old legacy systems as well. Compatibility, interoperability and backward integration were important. He highlighted the AKANKSHA model of DRDO. He recommended adoption of the waterfall/Agile approach and exhorted that procurement should not be an imprisoned by procedures.

Session 2 was earmarked for Digitisation issues related to the Army. The session was chaired by Lt Gen Dr RS Panwar, former Commandant of Military Collete of Telecom Engineering. Brig Ulhas Kirpekar, Brig Information Systems, Army HQ spoke on “The Digital Army and Initiatives.” Maj Gen K Shankar, Additional Director General Telecom in the Directorate of Signals, Army HQ spoke on the “Role of Army Cloud Centre and Digi Locker.” Brig SS Soin, Brig Telecom, Signals Directorate, Army HQ gave a presentation on “Future of ASCON and AREN Networks.”

The theme of Session 3 was Network Centric Operations and was chaired by Vice Adm Shekhar Sinha, former FOC-in-C Western Naval Command. Capt JS Sachdeva, Captain NCO, Naval HQ spoke on “Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap requirements of the Navy for NCO.” Col Vineet Jaiswal, from Directorate of Information Systems gave the “Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap requirements of the Army for NCO.” Air Cmde KN Santosh, Principal Director, Operational Networks, Air HQ spoke on “IAF Technology Perspective & Capability Roadmap requirements.” Gp Capt Parijat Saurabh, Air HQ spoke on “Meeting Electronic Warfare Threats.”

Session 4 was on C4ISR, Command & Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence. The session chairman was Lt Gen PJS Pannu, former Dy Chief IDS (Operations). Dr K Rajalakshmi Menon, Program Director (ISTAR), Centre for Airborne Studies, DRDO gave a talk on “ISTARS for Indian Armed Forces.” Col Abhijit Singh, Colonel Artillery-9, in the Directorate of Artillery, spoke on “Aerostats for surveillance and C2.”  Gp Capt P Batra, Gp Capt (Airborne Sensors & Networking), Air HQ gave a talk on “Airborne Early Warning Aircraft as Force Multipliers.”

Session 5 was devoted to Communication Systems. Lt Gen Rajeev Sabherwal, former SOC-in-C and Commandant MCTE chaired the session. Col Gurmeet Singh, HQ IDS, gave a talk on “Tri-Services Strategic / Operational Communications.” Brig Rajiv Singh, Brig Tactical Communication Systems, from Signals Directorate spoke on “Battlefield Tri-Services Tactical Communications.” Himansu Kumar Swamy, Scientist E, Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research, DRDO spoke on “Maritime Data analysis & visualization.”

Session 6 was on Information, Data and Big Data – Challenges and Vulnerabilities. The session was chaired by Maj Gen Pritam Bishnoi, former Additional DG Tactical Communications, Signals Directorate, Army HQ. Brig Inder Sethi, Brig CICP, Ordnance Services Directorate spoke on “Data Sovereignty and Big Data Analytics.” Devsena Mishra, Promoter Advanced Technologies gave a talk on “How Big Data and Big Tech undermine national security.” Maj Gen Manjit Singh, Joint Secretary (Cyber) NSC Secretariat gave a talk on “Emerging cyber security threats.”

Session 7 dealt with Space Domination and Satellites under the chairmanship of Lt Gen Satish Dua, former CISC. Air Cmde Prem Kumar, from the Defence Space Agency spoke on “Requirement of robust space situational awareness.” Gp Capt Amarendra Samal, Gp Capt Operations (Space), Air HQ gave a talk on “Steering India towards military space domination.” Capt Manish Kumar, Capt NSO-SA, Naval HQ gave a presentation on “Security of satellite-based Communication networks.”

Session 8 covered New Technologies – 5G, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Virtual Reality/ Augmented Reality and was chaired by Lt Gen MU Nair, Commandant MCTE. Dr Santu Sardar, Director DRDO Young Scientists Lab gave a talk on “Relevance of Quantum Communications Technology for Armed Forces.” Brig Navjot Singh Bedi, Commander Defence Communications Agency. Spoke on “Relevance of 5G for the armed forces.”  Maj Gen Harsh Chibber, Maj Gen ASC HQ Western Command spoke on “Transforming and Reducing Costs of Military Logistics Through IoT.”

The Closing Remarks were given by Lt Gen Sunil Srivastava, Director CENJOWS while the Vote of Thanks was delivered by Maj Gen Ravi Arora, Chief Editor, Indian Military Review.

Key Points Needing Attention

The key points which emerged in the eight sessions of the webinar are tabulated below:-

• Theaterisation would need tri-service digital infrastructure to support seamless op, decision support structure and battlefield management & C2 constructs.            

•  One of the challenges in integration is to have an attitudinal change towards automation and adopting agile processes. This also involves breaking away from silos.                                                                                                                 

•  The architecture of NCO system will require individual Service data centres and secure linkages with the joint regional data centre with a robust and secure cloud storage. The cloud storage will reduce the burden of forward fighting formations, which could retrieve relevant information, as required.

• The ongoing transformation in the strategic and tactical communication network i.e., Army Static Switched Communication Network (ASCON) to Network for Spectrum (NFS) and Army Radio Engineered Network (AREN) to Tactical Communication System (TCS) with overarching presence of satellite communication must continue to achieve the transformational targets. In that, the fibre optics based NFS is the back bone and integrator of three services. This is planned to be supplemented with satellites and microwave communication to extend it till the forward edge of the battle through TCS.

•   Besides three Services, the data and information also emanate from several other sources and also from other domains such as space, cyber etc in different formats which need standardisation.

•  To pick up relevant intelligence, about the adversary’s capabilities / limitations, information sharing will not only be between Services but, could even be from other national/ international sources. This requires synergy with various national and international organisations. With introduction of core strategic network NFS, the Army, Naval and Air force Strategic networks should handshake with it for integration of their data, video and voice communication.                

•  It is important to invest in infrastructure for safe, secure and seamless joint operations with holistic evolution in organisations, doctrine, strategy and tactics.

•   Legal Aspects of Warfighting. We also need to invest in legal aspects of war fighting which are often ignored or do not get due attention.                                                                                                                                  

•   IACCS. Indigenous IACCS of Indian Air Force in its 10 years of operations and in quite robust. Phase 5 would be implemented now. Trigun and Akash Teer projects of Sister services when linked to this system will enhance NCW capability of the Services hence, must be pursued actively.

•   Slow Modernisation. One major challenge is to use the legacy system along with modern equipment. The industry, academia and services have to find an answer to this challenge.

•   Upgradable Systems. Technology upgrades faster than we acquire systems. Therefore, we need to draw a line up what we can absorb and implement and periodically upgrade, say in 5 or 10 years, to reap the benefit of the changing technology.

•   An incremental and evolutionary approach is required in NCW where end state cannot be defined since it is always evolving but, our efforts must be measurable to stay on course towards our goal.

• Role of EW. Dominance in frequency spectrum would aid in gaining advantage over the adversary in the land, sea and air and space domains.

•  ISTAR Development. Integrated Surveillance Targeting and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) under development by DRDO, with close interaction with IAF, utilises several high technologies for offensive and defensive roles in one platform. All three Services must be involved in the project at this stage of evolution, especially since the system identifies surface targets.

•  Possible Naval Role for ISTAR. Inclusion of additional sensors like anomaly detector, pollution detector and AIS in ISTAR will broaden its employment potential in naval role.

•   Broader Exploitation of ISTAR. ISTAR should have seamless integration with other national intelligence networks for gauging the intent and moves of the adversary. The potential of ISTAR for broader exploitation should be examined.

•   Use of Aerostats. Aerostats have been used by the IAF for surveillance. Other Services can examine their employment with due consideration of disadvantages like vulnerability, blind zone, limited employment in mountains, shorter life and endurance.

•  AWACS. It provides immense force multiplier capability. However, it remains a lucrative target using LR SAMs and LR Anti radiation missiles. The number of AWACS required would depend on the expanse of op area needing coverage.

•  C4I2 Requirement for the TBA. To implement the C4I2, we need robust, secure, high bandwidth wireless communication for formations particularly in the TBA due to requirements of mobility. Apart from the common standards, formats and protocols, joint encryption, mission specific applications, the bandwidth requirement of the communication is vital and must be ensured. Systems with self healing capability are required for the TBA.

•  GIS, AI and Robotics. Common Geographic information for the three Services is vital and should be prioritised.

•   Wargaming and Simulation. The robustness and the reliability of the communication systems can be tested in realistic wargaming and simulation exercises.

•   Situational Awareness Model for the Indian Navy. DRDO has developed Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) for the Indian Navy, followed by Indian Navy Situational Awareness System (INSAS) and finally by 2027, Navy aims to develop Indian Navy Common Operating Picture (INCOP) with many more analytic features using new technologies and communication systems. With these developments DRDO and Indian Navy have shown the way for indigenisation for the other Services to emulate.

•   In TBA, three services besides their inherent conceptual variances use varied types of legacy and IP based modern communications. The communications are static, deployable and mobile. It is recommended to check the efficacy and status of integration in operations and test bed to identify variances and then find solutions to integration challenges.

•   Info, Data and Big Data Challenges. The big tech companies while serving our communication needs, also pose challenge to our security since the data collected by them is stored beyond the national boundaries, thus, beyond the purview and jurisdiction of national law. This opens possibilities of its misuse which is inimical to our sovereignty, national and security interests. Hence, the data sourced with in the country must be stored with in the country so that these remain under the purview of our law enforcement agencies.

•   Security. With increase in digitisation in defence, the threats too proportionally have increased in this domain. Therefore, communication products and contents must be sourced from the trusted sources only.

•   Space Domination. Space situational awareness is vital for collision avoidance as well as to keep an eye on developing threats in the space domain. While collision avoidance would be ensured by ISRO, the threatening satellite or anti-satellite activity is the domain of the defence. Optimum solution for generating required warning / data is vital for both. The first step towards this is building of robust SSA.              .

•   Space Observation/Surveillance. To enhance security, we need to enhance our observation in the area of interest with dedicated capabilities at LEO.

•   Vulnerability of Satcom. Satellite communication is vulnerable to external interference at various levels i.e., at satellite level, in command-and-control link as well as its ground infralstructure. Such attacks/ interferences are difficult to attribute to an adversary. Hence, the diversity and robustness of satellites and its infrastructure is vital.

•   Quantum Comn. Unlike other forms of comn, which remain vulnerable, the quantum communication will ensure secure military communication. Several countries are engaged in the research in the field, eg, China and US have achieved considerable success. Indian defence forces, too, should not lag behind. DRDO (young scientist laboratory) is following a road map and is moving ahead with research in this new area comprising several applications.

•   Relevance of 5 GTechnology in the Armed

contd on page 48

contd from page 46

Forces. 5G will enable monitoring, collation and present relevant data of all activities for better coordination and informed decision taking of high order. Thus, it acts as a force multiplier. It will facilitate transition from old archaic procedures to new processes, increasing efficiency of the defence systems. Armed forces require low to high frequency bands from below 3GHZ band to above 6GHZ band to cover all operations. Dedicated specialist teams should be established to interact with the industry and monitor progress of rolling of 5 G in the armed forces for various facets of its use.              

•   Reducing Cost of Military logistics through IOT. The use of the emerging technology will overcome challenges and bring in transparency, reliability efficiency and decision making with use of less man-hours. Following actions will help to implement use of technology in logistics:-

(i)            Institute inhouse system studies to explore potential use of IOT and Blockchain.

(ii)           Standardize protocols for data sharing.

(iii)          Nominate lead agencies as per domain expertise.

(iv)         Earmark test beds and evaluate.

(v)          Expand scope throughout the organisation.

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An American military commander said in 1958, “He who controls the Moon, controls the Earth.” Earlier, noted strategist and air power votary Giulio Duhet wrote in 1922, ” Victory smiles upon those who anticipate the changes in the character of war, not upon those who wait to adapt themselves after the changes occur.”

When Britain dominated the seas, it ruled the world. The Americans have been dominating the air and space domains, which are now the medium of military operations since the last 50 years. All major powers – USA, Russia, China and even India – are moving aggressively into this domain.

Militarisation of space is a reality. Control and denial of space-based assets is a part of the Chinese PLA doctrine. There has been no war in space but many experts believe that it is more or less imminent.

Space and satellite-based services have changed life on Earth. C4ISR depends largely on space-based assets. Importantly, satellites are used to provide early warning on missile launches, locate nuclear detonations, enable GPS navigation and targeting by airborne EW aircrafts and cruise missiles, high speed satellite communications and situational awareness. Satellite imagery is also used by fighter bombers for physical bombing.

Anti-Satellite Tests

America was in the lead but China has moved in quickly and is investing considerably in space. China sent a man into space in 2003 and carried out an anti-satellite test (ASAT) in 2007. It has a certified satellite global navigation system, BeiDao, with high accuracy. All elements of a 100-ton permanent Chinese space station are in place and it is likely to be fully operational by 2021. Human exploration of the moon is on the cards by 2025 and landing on Mars is planned. China is working on generating energy from space-based orbital solar power plants.

The complexities of ASAT are significant. Proving a point to smash a satellite is one thing, but tackling a military satellite with defensive measures where hundreds of multi-national satellites are orbiting in space is quite another. The interceptor has to pre-determine the point of impact of a satellite orbiting at high speeds as part of a constellation at various altitudes and speeds. That makes it even more complex. The Americans are now developing the concept of escort satellites.

ALSO READ: DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION – Domination of the Air Space

India is making good progress. Chandrayan-2 was lost on the moon’s surface in 2019 but the effort was laudable. India has planned to send Shukrayaan-1 to orbit Venus in 2023.

Space wars are a reality and India is getting abreast of it. Greater space presence requires to have an ability to launch heavy satellites above 5000 kg weight. India already carries out dozens of launches every year and has the ability to launch at short notice, which translates to readiness of launch means for any purpose. Advances in electronics, cyber capabilities and kinetic weapons, coupled with our space launch capabilities, means we can defend our assets and interests in space and be able to use space for military and counter-space purposes.

As far as launch facilities are concerned, ISRO had sent the first GSLV-III rocket in June 2017 to put GSAT-19 communications satellite in orbit. Soon it will have capabilities to launch 5000 kg payloads. It has already launched satellites belonging to over 35 countries. It is planning on a manned mission to the moon by December 2021, for which cosmonauts are already training in Russia.

India currently has 16 military satellites operational. Spectral resolution is going up and the armed forces are using dedicated satellites. We also has access to a number of good foreign satellites. DRDO and ISRO have the capability to destroy satellites and rockets in their booster phase.

Space Exercises

India has already carried out a simulated space warfare exercise with representatives of the armed forces, ISRO, DRDO and think tanks. They looked at the threat from China to our assets and the gaps that need to be filled in and technologies required to be strengthened. India’s Defence Space Agency has been established. This is a stepping stone to a full-fledged Space Command. It was a logical next step after the BMD tests and ASAT test.

India does not subscribe to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, which bans the stationing of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in outer space. The treaty has its limitations. Every country has the right to defend its space assets.

The US has a Space Command, which was established in 1985. It was merged in 2002 with the United States Strategic Command but activated again in 2019, with a reemphasized focus on space as a war-fighting domain. In 2020 the US Air Force Space Force was also established. China has created it own PLA Strategic Support Force.

ALSO READ: DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION – Imperatives For Network-centric Operations

India needs to look at global space situational awareness. It will have a vast constellation of satellites in geo-stationary orbit for carrying out multifarious tasks and C4 functions. It will include a cluster of satellites for military ELINT, SAR and electro-optical applications.

Going into the future, India is well on course to develop capabilities to launch heavy satellites, the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System is operational and should begin to settle down, small satellites (<100 kgs) should start to function in the manner of UAVs with defence applications. Start-ups in the space technology realm are a welcome change. There is a need to review the higher organisation and decision-making set-up and strategy formulation process for war in view of the considerable inputs available from space-based C4ISR data.

India has all the building blocks necessary to integrate ASAT weapon systems, neutralise hostile satellites in low and polar orbit. It needs more early warning satellites to monitor enemy activities and more ground-based systems to neutralise incoming missiles.

India should start work on its space station. There have been dramatic improvements in intelligence inflow but a lot more needs to be done. The time to invest in space capabilities is now.

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The launch was also the 75th launch vehicle mission from Sriharikota. About 7000 visitors witnessed the launch live. In 16 minutes after launch, RISAT-2BR1, weighs about 628 kg, was slung into an orbit of 576 km above Earth. It is expected to serve the forces for around 5 years.

After separation, the two solar arrays of RISAT-2BR1 were deployed automatically and the ISRO Telemetry Tracking and Command Network at Bengaluru assumed control of the satellite.

The nine foreign customer satellites were launched under a commercial arrangement with NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), were precisely injected into their designated orbits.

The new satellite gives the armed forces a shot in the arm with its ability to identify objects separated by 35cms. So in case of any future surgical strikes, the armed forces will be able to keep track of the developments continuously before and after they hit the designated targets and get military-grade images.

The 628kg RISAT-2BR1 satellite is meant for applications in various fields like agriculture, forestry and disaster management support, as well as military purposes. Its earlier version, RISAT-2B, was placed successfully in orbit in May 2019.

The PSLV has placed around 310 foreign satellites with the first mission in September 1993. PSLV’s payload capacity has increased from 860 kg to 1.9 tonnes and the “versatile vehicle” has carried 52.7 tonne so far, 17 per cent of which was customer satellites. Some significant launches by PSLV include Chandrayaan-1, Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) and the record launch of 104 satellites in one go earlier.

ISRO plans to launch RISAT-1A in 2020. It will be a Radar imaging satellite, with its configuration similar to RISAT-1. It is a land-based mission with primary application in terrain mapping and analysis of land, ocean and water surface for soil moisture.

The first dual-band radar imaging satellite with Synthetic Aperture Radar, NISAR, a joint project between NASA and ISRO (NISAR) to be used for remote sensing, will be launched in 2022.

Indian Military Satellites

RISAT-2, or Radar Imaging Satellite 2

Launched on 20 April 2009

Main sensor – X-band synthetic aperture radar

To monitor India’s borders

Mass of 300 kilograms

Day-night, all-weather monitoring capability

Cartosat-2 Earth observation satellite

Sun-synchronous orbit

Weight 680 kg

Launched on 10 January 2007.

panchromatic (PAN) camera

Swath covered 9.6 km

Spatial resolution less than 1 metre.

Cartosat-2A  Earth observation satellite

Sun-synchronous orbit

Launched on 28 April 2008

Panchromatic (PAN) camera 

CARTOSAT 2B Earth observation satellite

Sun-synchronous orbit

Launched on 12 July 2010 C

Carries a panchromatic (PAN) camera

Cartosat-2E Earth observation satellite

Launched on 23 June 2017

Mass 712 kilograms

Sun-synchronous orbit 

Panchromatic Camera (PAN)

High-Resolution Multi-Spectral radiometer

Resolution of 2 metres.

GSAT-7 or INSAT-4F  multi-band military communications satellite

For the Indian Navy

Launched 30 August 2013.

Payloads in UHF, C band and Ku band.

Weight 2,650 kilograms

Geosynchronous orbit

2,000 nautical mile ‘footprint’ over the Indian Ocean Region

GSAT-7A  military communications satellite

For the Indian Air Force and Indian Army

Interlinks ground radar stations, ground airbase, aircraft to aircraft

Real-time Control System, AWACSaircraft

Payload  10 Ku band transponders

Weight 2,250 kilograms

Launched on 19 December 2018

HySIS Hyperspectral Imaging Satellite

Earth observation satellite

Provides hyperspectral imaging services

Payload Visible Near Infrared (VNIR)

Shortwave Infrared Range (SWIR)

Spatial resolution 30 meters

Swath of 30 km

Sun-synchronous orbit.

Launched 29 November 2018

Features of Cartosat-3 Satellite

Mean Altitude – 509 km

Mean Inclination (in degree) – 97.5

Overall Mass – 1625 kg

Power Generation – 2000W

Mission Life – 5 Years

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RISAT-2BR1 Satellite 2

RISAT-2BR1 is a synthetic-aperture radar imaging satellite for reconnaissance built by Indian Space Research Organisation. It is part of India’s RISAT series of SAR imaging spacecrafts and fourth satellite in the series. Launch date: 11 December 2019

Manufacturer: ISRO

Launch mass: 628 kg

Perigee altitude: 560 km

Apogee altitude: 560 km

Rocket: PSLV-QL C48

Mission type: Radar imaging

Mission duration: Planned 5 years

Application: Disaster Management System

                Earth Observation

Orbit Type: LEO

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